Hattusa: Capital Of First Anatolian Civilization

The city Corum, located in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey hosts a very special city. Hattusa the capital of the Hittite empire was the first Anatolian civilization and the nation that made a lot of “firsts” in Anatolia.

In Hattusa, you can explore the Hittite legacy in Anatolia which has been the cradle of many civilizations throughout its history. You can travel back in time while visiting Hattusa’s many ancient ruins and remains of temples, fortifications, exquisite ornaments, etc… You can see the open-air sanctuary, the splendid Lion’s Gate, Royal Gate, Tunnel, and many more.

If you are in the mood for opening a window to the past, visit Hattusa and hear the stories that it has to tell.

To get to Hattusa, the ancient capital of the Hittite Empire, you will need to travel to Bogazkale (also known as Bogazkoy), the modern-day location of the archaeological site. Here are the typical ways to reach Hattusa:

By Air: The nearest major airport to Hattusa is Ankara Esenboga Airport (ESB), located approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) southeast of Bogazkale. From the airport, you can rent a car or take a taxi to Hattusa. The journey takes about 3-4 hours.

By Train: If you prefer to travel by train, you can take a train from Ankara to Corum, the closest city to Hattusa. From Corum, you can hire a taxi or use local transportation to reach Bogazkale, which is about 45 kilometers (28 miles) away.

By Bus: Buses are a common mode of transportation in Turkey. You can take a bus from major cities like Ankara or Corum to Bogazkale. There are regular bus services available, and the journey duration varies depending on your departure point.

By Car: Renting a car and driving to Hattusa is a convenient option, allowing you to have the flexibility and explore the surrounding area at your own pace. Bogazkale is accessible by road, and you can use navigation systems or maps to guide you.

When visiting Hattusa, it is important to pack appropriately for your trip. Here are some essential items to consider packing:

Comfortable Clothing: Wear comfortable and lightweight clothing suitable for walking and exploring archaeological sites. Consider packing breathable fabrics, such as cotton or linen, and dress in layers to accommodate temperature changes throughout the day.

Sturdy Shoes: Hattusa involves a fair amount of walking, so it’s important to wear comfortable and sturdy shoes or hiking boots. Choose footwear with good grip and support to navigate uneven terrain.

Sun Protection: Don’t forget to pack sun protection essentials, including sunscreen with a high SPF, sunglasses, and a wide-brimmed hat. Hattusa is an open-air site, and you will be exposed to the sun for extended periods.

Weather Essentials: Check the weather forecast for your visit and pack accordingly. If visiting during the summer, pack a lightweight, breathable rain jacket or umbrella, as occasional showers can occur. During the cooler months, bring a warm jacket or sweater for chilly mornings and evenings.

Water and Snacks: It is advisable to carry a reusable water bottle to stay hydrated throughout your visit. Consider packing some snacks like energy bars or fruits for a quick boost of energy during your exploration.

Insect Repellent: Depending on the season and the presence of insects, it is wise to pack insect repellent to protect yourself from mosquito bites or other bugs.

Camera and Binoculars: Hattusa offers stunning archaeological sites and scenic views, so bring a camera or smartphone to capture the memories. Binoculars can also be handy for observing details or enjoying panoramic views.

Travel Guide or Map: Carry a travel guidebook or map specific to Hattusa or the Hittite Empire to enhance your understanding of the historical significance of the site and help you navigate the area.

Cash and Identification: Ensure you have some cash in the local currency for any entrance fees, purchases, or services. Carry identification documents like a passport or ID card for identification purposes.

Travel Essentials: Don’t forget to pack essentials such as a daypack or backpack, a reusable water bottle, a power bank for your electronic devices, and any necessary medication or personal care items.

Hattusa, the ancient capital of the Hittite Empire, is located in Bogazkale, Turkey. Although Hattusa itself is an archaeological site without modern accommodation options, you can find places to stay in the nearby town of Bogazkale or in Corum, which is the closest major city. Here are some options for accommodation in those areas:

Bogazkale:

Otel Baykal: A budget-friendly hotel located in Bogazkale, offering comfortable rooms and a convenient location near the archaeological site.

Hattusa Vacation Houses: These vacation houses provide a unique and immersive experience, with traditional-style accommodations in a tranquil setting near Hattusa.

Bogazkale Pia Hotel: A cozy hotel with clean rooms and friendly staff, located close to Hattusa and offering convenient access to the archaeological site.

Corum:

Anitta Hotel: A well-established hotel in Corum, offering comfortable rooms, a restaurant, and various amenities. It is located approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from Hattusa.

Sera Lake Resort Hotel Spa & Aparts: A lakeside resort hotel with modern rooms, a spa, and beautiful views. It is located on the outskirts of Corum, offering a peaceful environment.

Hattusa, located in modern-day Turkey, experiences a continental climate. The region generally has hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Here are some characteristics of the climate in Hattusa:

Summers (June to August): Summers in Hattusa are hot and dry, with average daytime temperatures ranging from 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F). It can get quite hot during the day, so it’s advisable to wear lightweight and breathable clothing and stay hydrated. Evenings tend to be cooler, providing some relief from the daytime heat.

Spring (March to May) and Autumn (September to November): Spring and autumn are transitional seasons in Hattusa. During these months, the weather is mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). It is a good time to visit if you prefer milder temperatures and want to avoid the peak tourist season.

Winter (December to February): Winters in Hattusa are cold, with temperatures often dropping below freezing. Snowfall is common, especially in the months of January and February. Daytime temperatures range from 0°C to 10°C (32°F to 50°F), and nights can be quite chilly. It is advisable to pack warm clothing and layers if visiting during the winter months.

The best time to visit Hattusa is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) seasons. During these months, the weather in Hattusa is generally mild and pleasant, with comfortable temperatures and less rainfall compared to other times of the year. Here are some reasons why these seasons are recommended:

Mild Temperatures: Spring and autumn offer mild temperatures, making it more enjoyable to explore the archaeological site of Hattusa. Daytime temperatures range from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), providing comfortable conditions for outdoor activities.

Less Crowded: Hattusa is a popular tourist destination, and visiting during the spring or autumn can help you avoid the peak tourist crowds that are more common in the summer months. With fewer visitors, you can explore the site at your own pace and enjoy a more tranquil experience.

Scenic Landscapes: The surrounding landscapes of Hattusa are particularly beautiful during the spring and autumn seasons. In spring, you can witness blooming flowers and lush greenery, while autumn offers vibrant colors as the leaves change. This adds to the overall appeal of the visit and enhances your experience.

Lower Accommodation Costs: Visiting Hattusa during the shoulder seasons can also result in lower accommodation costs compared to the peak summer months. This can be beneficial if you’re traveling on a budget or prefer to have more options for accommodation.

Hattusa, located in central Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), was the capital city of the Hittite Empire, one of the major civilizations of the Late Bronze Age. The history of Hattusa is closely tied to the rise and fall of the Hittite Empire. Here is an overview of the history of Hattusa:

Early Settlement: The earliest evidence of human habitation in the region dates back to the Neolithic period, around 6,000 BCE. However, the city of Hattusa itself was established as a fortified settlement in the early 17th century BCE.

Hittite Empire: Hattusa became the capital of the Hittite Empire, also known as the Hittite Kingdom or the Hatti Kingdom, around the 16th century BCE. The empire reached its peak during the 14th century BCE under the reign of King Suppiluliuma I and his successors.

Hittite Power and Expansion: During its height, the Hittite Empire controlled vast territories in Anatolia, northern Syria, and parts of Mesopotamia. The Hittites were known for their military prowess and strategic alliances, including treaties with powerful civilizations such as Egypt.

Cultural and Architectural Achievements: Hattusa was a center of political, economic, and cultural activities in the Hittite Empire. The city boasted impressive architectural structures, including palaces, temples, and defensive walls. Notable examples include the Great Temple, the Lion Gate, the Royal Palace, and the Sphinx Gate.

Decline and Abandonment: The Hittite Empire gradually declined due to internal conflicts, invasions by the Sea Peoples, and the attacks of the Assyrian Empire. Hattusa was destroyed and abandoned around the early 12th century BCE. The reasons for the city’s abandonment are not entirely clear, but it is believed to be a combination of factors including the fall of the empire and changing geopolitical circumstances.

Rediscovery and Archaeological Excavations: Hattusa remained lost and forgotten until the late 19th century when archaeological excavations began in the area. The site was rediscovered in 1906 by German archaeologist Hugo Winckler. Extensive excavations have since taken place, uncovering the remains of the ancient city and shedding light on the history and culture of the Hittite Empire.

Today, Hattusa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and attracts visitors from around the world who come to explore its archaeological remains and learn about the fascinating history of the Hittite Empire.

Hattusa, the capital city of the Hittite Empire, was a center of power and influence during its time. While it is difficult to attribute specific “firsts” or singular individuals as the greatest in Hattusa’s history, there were significant achievements and notable figures associated with the Hittite Empire. Here are some notable aspects and figures related to Hattusa:

Hittite Law Code: The Hittites developed one of the earliest known legal systems in history, known as the “Hittite Law Code.” This code encompassed a wide range of legal matters and provided guidelines for various aspects of society, including property rights, marriage, inheritance, and criminal offenses. It represented an early example of codified laws and contributed to the development of legal systems in later civilizations.

King Suppiluliuma I: King Suppiluliuma I, who reigned from approximately 1344 to 1322 BCE, is considered one of the greatest Hittite kings. He expanded the Hittite Empire through military campaigns, establishing Hittite dominance over significant territories in Anatolia and northern Syria. Suppiluliuma I was also known for his diplomatic skills, forging alliances and treaties with other powerful civilizations, including Egypt.

Hittite Military Strength: The Hittites were renowned for their military prowess and advanced military techniques. They developed chariot warfare, using horse-drawn chariots equipped with archers and infantry. The Hittite army was highly organized and disciplined, making them a formidable force in the region during their time.

Hittite Religion and Mythology: The Hittites had a complex religious system with a pantheon of gods and goddesses. They worshipped a variety of deities and had rituals and ceremonies associated with their religious beliefs. Hittite mythology, preserved in cuneiform texts, offers insights into their cosmology and cultural practices.

Hittite Art and Architecture: Hattusa was home to impressive examples of Hittite art and architecture. Notable structures include the Great Temple, the Lion Gate, the Royal Palace, and the Sphinx Gate. Hittite art featured intricate carvings and sculptures, often depicting deities, royalty, and mythological scenes.

Cuneiform Writing: The Hittites adopted the cuneiform writing system from the Mesopotamians and adapted it to their own language. Cuneiform tablets discovered in Hattusa and other Hittite sites contain a wealth of information about Hittite society, history, and culture. The Hittites were among the earliest civilizations to adopt writing for administrative, religious, and literary purposes.

Hattusa, the ancient capital of the Hittite Empire, is home to several significant historical sites and archaeological remains. These sites offer a glimpse into the grandeur and architectural prowess of the Hittite civilization. Here are some of the historical places of Hattusa:

Great Temple (Temple 1): The Great Temple is one of the largest and most important religious structures in Hattusa. It was dedicated to the Hittite storm god, Teshub, and served as a center of religious and ceremonial activities.

Lion Gate: The Lion Gate is an impressive entrance gate to the city of Hattusa. It is named after the two large stone lions that once adorned the gate. The gate is adorned with intricate reliefs and serves as an iconic symbol of Hattusa.

Royal Palace: The Royal Palace complex in Hattusa was the residence of the Hittite kings and the administrative center of the empire. It consists of several buildings and courtyards, including audience halls, private chambers, and administrative offices.

Sphinx Gate: The Sphinx Gate is another monumental entrance to the city, featuring large stone sphinxes guarding the entrance. The gate is decorated with relief and provides access to the lower city of Hattusa.

Yerkapi (Rock Gate): Yerkapı is an ancient gateway carved into a rock outcrop. It served as an entrance to the Upper City of Hattusa and is characterized by its impressive stone architecture.

City Walls: The city of Hattusa was surrounded by massive defensive walls, which enclosed the Upper City and Lower City. These walls provided protection for the city and are a significant architectural feature of Hattusa.

Hittite Chariot Rock Reliefs: Located outside the city walls, these rock reliefs depict Hittite chariots, horses, and warriors. They are carved into the rock surface and showcase the Hittite military prowess.

Temples of the Storm God: Hattusa is known to have housed several temples dedicated to the storm god Teshub. These temples were important centers of religious worship and played a central role in Hittite religious practices.

Royal Tombs: Near Hattusa, there are several rock-cut tombs believed to be the final resting places of Hittite royalty. These tombs feature intricate carvings and reflect the Hittite belief in the afterlife.

The Great Well: The Great Well is an impressive underground water storage system in Hattusa. It was built to ensure a reliable water supply for the city during times of siege or water scarcity.

While Hattusa was the capital city of the Hittite Empire and home to many influential figures, it is challenging to identify specific individuals as the “most famous” in its history due to limited historical records. However, there were several notable figures associated with Hattusa and the Hittite civilization. Here are a few prominent individuals:

Hattusili I (17th century BCE): Hattusili I was one of the early Hittite kings and is credited with establishing the Hittite Old Kingdom and consolidating the Hittite power. He expanded the Hittite territory and played a significant role in the early development of Hattusa.

Suppiluliuma I (14th century BCE): Suppiluliuma I was one of the most influential Hittite kings. He expanded the Hittite Empire through military campaigns, including the conquest of Kizzuwatna and the defeat of the Mitanni Empire. He also engaged in diplomatic relations with other major powers of the time, such as Egypt.

Tudhaliya IV (13th century BCE): Tudhaliya IV was a Hittite king known for his military campaigns and diplomatic efforts. He fought against the Assyrians and maintained political stability within the Hittite Empire during a challenging period.

Muwatalli II (13th century BCE): Muwatalli II was a Hittite king who faced significant challenges, including conflicts with the Egyptians, particularly during the Battle of Kadesh. He is known for his military strategies and diplomatic engagements with rival powers.

Hattusili III (13th century BCE): Hattusili III was a Hittite king who played a crucial role in the decline and fall of the Hittite Empire. He faced internal struggles, including power struggles within the royal family, as well as external pressures from invasions by the Sea Peoples.

Here are 15 of the best things to do in Hattusa:

1. 1. Explore the Great Temple: Visit the impressive Great Temple, dedicated to the Hittite storm god Teshub. Marvel at its massive stone walls and imagine the ancient rituals that took place here.
   2. Admire the Lion Gate: Pass through the iconic Lion Gate, adorned with stone lion reliefs. This grand entrance gate is a symbol of Hattusa and offers a glimpse into the city’s rich history.
   3. Wander through the Royal Palace: Explore the ruins of the Royal Palace complex, the residence of the Hittite kings. Admire the architectural features, including courtyards, halls, and chambers.
   4. Visit the Sphinx Gate: Witness the Sphinx Gate, another remarkable entrance to the city. Marvel at the stone sphinxes guarding the gate and the intricate reliefs decorating its walls.
   5. Walk along the City Walls: Take a stroll along the ancient city walls of Hattusa, which provided protection and served as a boundary between the Upper City and Lower City.
   6. Discover the Yerkapi (Rock Gate): Explore the Yerkapi, a rock-cut gateway that leads to the Upper City. Admire the craftsmanship of the ancient Hittite builders.
   7. View the Rock Sanctuary: Visit the Rock Sanctuary, an important religious site featuring carved rock reliefs depicting gods, animals, and other symbolic figures.
   8. Learn at the Archaeological Museum: Gain further insights into Hittite history at the Hattusa Archaeological Museum. View artifacts and exhibits that provide a deeper understanding of the civilization.
   9. Admire the Hittite Chariot Rock Reliefs: See the impressive rock reliefs portraying Hittite chariots, soldiers, and horses. These carvings showcase the military might of the Hittite Empire.
   10. Visit the Tunnel: Explore the Tunnel, an underground passage believed to have served as a water channel or secret passage during ancient times.
   11. Marvel at the Great Well: Admire the engineering marvel of the Great Well, an underground water storage system that ensured a reliable water supply for the city.
   12. Discover the Hittite Rock-cut Tombs: Visit the rock-cut tombs located near Hattusa, which are believed to be the final resting places of the Hittite nobility. Admire intricate carvings and decorations.
   13. Explore the Lower City: Venture into the Lower City of Hattusa, where you can discover the remains of residential areas and gain insights into the daily life of the Hittite people.
   14. Hike to Yazilikaya: Take a hike to the nearby site of Yazilikaya, known for its rock-cut reliefs of Hittite gods and kings. Enjoy the natural surroundings and ancient artistry.
   15. Experience the Hittite Festival: If you visit during the annual Hittite Festival, immerse yourself in the vibrant celebrations showcasing Hittite culture, music, dance, and traditional crafts.

Here are some of the best places to explore in Hattusa:

Great Temple: The Great Temple is an impressive structure dedicated to the Hittite storm god Teshub. Its massive stone walls and architectural features make it a must-visit site.

Royal Palace: Explore the ruins of the Royal Palace, which was the residence of the Hittite kings. Admire the courtyards, halls, and chambers that provide insights into the grandeur of Hittite royalty.

Lion Gate: Pass through the iconic Lion Gate, featuring stone lion reliefs. This grand entrance gate is a symbol of Hattusa and an excellent spot for photographs.

Sphinx Gate: Marvel at the Sphinx Gate, another significant entrance to the city. Adorned with stone sphinxes, it is an impressive sight and offers a glimpse into the ancient city’s history.

City Walls: Take a walk along the ancient city walls of Hattusa, which served as a protective barrier. Explore the various gates and towers along the walls, enjoying panoramic views of the surrounding landscape.

Yerkapi (Rock Gate): Discover the Yerkapi, a rock-cut gateway leading to the Upper City. Admire the skilled craftsmanship and architectural details of this ancient entrance.

Hittite Chariot Rock Reliefs: Witness the rock reliefs depicting Hittite chariots, soldiers, and horses. These carvings showcase the military prowess and artistic skill of the Hittite civilization.

Rock Sanctuary: Visit the Rock Sanctuary, an important religious site with carved rock reliefs of gods, animals, and other symbolic figures. It provides insights into the Hittite religious beliefs and practices.

Archaeological Museum: Explore the Hattusa Archaeological Museum, which displays a collection of artifacts unearthed from the site. Gain a deeper understanding of Hittite history and culture through the exhibits.

Great Well: Marvel at the Great Well, an impressive underground water storage system that provided a reliable water supply to the city. Its construction highlights the engineering skills of the Hittites.

Tunnel: Discover the Tunnel, an underground passage believed to have served as a water channel or secret passage. Walk through this historical feature and imagine its purpose in ancient times.

Lower City: Venture into the Lower City of Hattusa, where you can explore the remains of residential areas and gain insights into the daily life of the Hittite people.

Hittite Rock-cut Tombs: Visit the rock-cut tombs located near Hattusa, believed to be the final resting places of Hittite nobility. Admire the intricate carvings and burial chambers.

Yazilikaya: Take a short trip to Yazılıkaya, an adjacent site known for its rock-cut reliefs of Hittite gods and kings. Explore the open-air sanctuary and admire the ancient artwork.

Here are some of the best Hattusa tours:

Hattusa Full-Day Guided Tour: Join a full-day guided tour that takes you through the main highlights of Hattusa, including the Great Temple, Royal Palace, Lion Gate, Sphinx Gate, and other significant sites. An expert guide will provide historical insights and make the visit more informative.

Hattusa and Yazilikaya Tour: This tour combines a visit to Hattusa with a trip to the nearby site of Yazilikaya, known for its rock-cut reliefs. Explore both sites in a day, gaining a deeper understanding of Hittite history and culture.

Hittite Empire Cultural Tour: Embark on a multi-day cultural tour that focuses on the Hittite civilization. Along with Hattusa, visit other Hittite sites such as Alacahoyuk, Sapinuwa, and Alacahoyuk Museum. This tour provides a comprehensive exploration of the Hittite Empire.

Private Hattusa Tour: Opt for a private tour of Hattusa, tailored to your preferences and interests. Enjoy personalized attention from a knowledgeable guide who will provide detailed information about the site and its significance.

Hattusa and Cappadocia Tour: Combine a visit to Hattusa with a trip to the enchanting region of Cappadocia. Explore the unique rock formations, underground cities, and cave dwellings of Cappadocia, along with the historical wonders of Hattusa.

Hittite Heritage Tour: Join a guided tour that takes you on a journey through the Hittite heritage in central Anatolia. Visit Hattusa, Alacahoyuk, Yazilikaya, and other important Hittite sites, immersing yourself in their history and culture.

Hattusa and Ankara City Tour: Discover the ancient wonders of Hattusa and explore the modern capital of Turkey, Ankara, on a combined tour. Visit the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, which houses artifacts from the Hittite era.