Hittites: The First Anatolian Civilization

Hittites are the first civilization in the historical ages that came to Anatolia and are called “dibs.” Therefore, they are the first settlers of the region. The Hittites were a matriarchal civilization that gave women great importance. How cool is it that they were feminists thousands of years ago even though women are still fighting for their rights in our time?

Their capital city was Hattusa, located in Corum which is an important city of the Central Anatolia region of Turkey.

In Hattusa, you can explore the Hittite legacy in Anatolia which has been a cradle of many civilizations throughout its history. You can travel back in time while visiting Hattusa’s many ancient ruins and remains of temples, fortifications, exquisite ornaments, etc… You can see the open-air sanctuary, the splendid Lion’s Gate, Royal Gate, Tunnel, and many more.

The Hittites made the “firsts” of Anatolia; the first war with Egyptians, the first peace treaty, the first iron products… All can be discovered in Hattusa. Their symbol was the. Ancient wheel, resembling a giant sun that is still used as a great image on this date.

If you are in the mood for opening a window to the past, visit the lands of the great Hittite Empire and hear the stories that it has to tell.

As the Hittite civilization existed thousands of years ago and their capital city, Hattusa, is now an archaeological site, it is not possible to physically visit the Hittites themselves. However, you can visit the ruins of Hattusa, which provide valuable insights into their civilization. Here’s how you can get to Hattusa:

Location: Hattusa is located in the town of Bogazkale, in Corum Province, Turkey. It is approximately 200 kilometers (125 miles) northeast of Ankara, the capital city of Turkey.

By Air: If you are arriving from abroad, the nearest international airport is Ankara Esenboga Airport (ESB). From the airport, you can proceed to Hattusa by other means of transportation.

By Bus: From Ankara, you can take a bus to Bogazkale, the town nearest to Hattusa. Several bus companies operate routes between Ankara and Bogazkale. The journey takes approximately 4-5 hours. Once in Bogazkale, you can arrange local transportation to reach the Hattusa archaeological site.

By Car: If you have access to a car, you can drive from Ankara to Bogazkale. The journey takes around 3-4 hours, depending on the route and traffic conditions. You can use GPS or maps for navigation.

Guided Tours: Another option is to join a guided tour that includes a visit to Hattusa. Various travel agencies and tour operators offer guided tours that cover historical and archaeological sites in Turkey, including Hattusa. These tours typically include transportation, accommodation, and the services of a knowledgeable guide.

As the Hittite civilization existed thousands of years ago and their capital city, Hattusa, is now an archaeological site, there are no accommodations available specifically within the Hittite site. However, you can find suitable places to stay in the nearby town of Bogazkale, which is the closest settlement to Hattusa. Bogazkale offers a range of accommodation options to suit different budgets and preferences. Here are some suggestions:

Hotels: There are a few hotels in Bogazkale that provide comfortable accommodation options. These hotels offer amenities such as private rooms, en-suite bathrooms, Wi-Fi, and on-site dining facilities.

Guesthouses/Pensions: Bogazkale also has guesthouses and pensions, which are smaller and more budget-friendly accommodations. They typically offer basic rooms with shared facilities and a homely atmosphere.

Boutique Hotels: For a unique and personalized experience, you can consider staying in a boutique hotel in Bogazkale. These establishments often have individually decorated rooms, personalized service, and a charming ambiance.

Farm Stays: If you prefer a more rustic experience, there are a few farms stays in the surrounding countryside. These accommodations provide an opportunity to experience rural life, enjoy nature, and sample local produce.

The best time to visit the archaeological site of Hattusa, associated with the Hittite civilization, is during the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) seasons. The weather during these months is generally pleasant, with milder temperatures and less rainfall compared to summer and winter. Here are some reasons why these seasons are recommended for visiting:

Mild Weather: Spring and autumn offer more comfortable temperatures for exploring the archaeological site of Hattusa. The average temperatures during these seasons range from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), making it enjoyable to walk around the ruins without excessive heat or cold.

Blooming Nature: Spring brings blooming flowers and green landscapes, adding beauty to the surroundings of Hattusa. The archaeological site is situated in a scenic area, and the vibrant colors of spring can enhance your experience.

Fewer Crowds: The spring and autumn seasons are considered shoulder seasons, with fewer tourists compared to the peak summer months. Visiting Hattusa during these periods allows you to explore the site with more tranquility and fewer crowds.

Access to Other Attractions: Exploring Hattusa can be combined with visits to other nearby attractions and historical sites. The milder weather in spring and autumn makes it easier to explore the wider region without extreme temperatures.

The Hittites were an ancient civilization that existed in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) during the Late Bronze Age, from approximately 1600 to 1200 BCE. They were one of the major powers in the ancient Near East and played a significant role in the history and development of the region. Here is an overview of the history of the Hittites:

Rise of the Hittite Kingdom: The Hittites emerged as a political entity in Anatolia around the 17th century BCE. Their early capital was likely at Nesa (Kultepe). They gradually expanded their influence and power under a line of kings known as the Old Kingdom.

Empire Building: The Hittite Empire reached its peak during the reign of King Suppiluliuma I (c. 1344–1322 BCE). He expanded the empire through military conquests, incorporating various territories and kingdoms into the Hittite domain. Suppiluliuma I’s successors continued to consolidate and strengthen the empire.

Capital and Administration: The capital of the Hittite Empire was Hattusa, located in central Anatolia. Hattusa became a center of political, economic, and cultural activity. The Hittites developed an administrative system with regional governors and a complex bureaucracy to govern their vast territories.

Military Power: The Hittites were renowned for their military prowess. They developed advanced chariot warfare tactics and were skilled in siege warfare. The Hittite army comprised charioteers, infantry, and a strong corps of elite soldiers. Their military successes allowed them to control and defend their empire.

Diplomacy and Treaties: The Hittites were known for their diplomatic skills and negotiation abilities. They engaged in diplomacy with neighboring powers, often forming alliances through marriage treaties and diplomatic exchanges. One notable example is the famous Treaty of Kadesh between the Hittite king Hattusili III and the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II.

Law and Literature: The Hittites had a well-developed legal system and a tradition of written documentation. The Hittite laws, known as the “Hittite Laws,” covered various aspects of society, including family law, property rights, criminal offenses, and commerce. Hittite literature included myths, religious texts, and administrative records.

Decline and Aftermath: The Hittite Empire faced challenges from various external forces, including invasions by the “Sea Peoples” and attacks from the Phrygians and Assyrians. Around 1200 BCE, the empire collapsed, leading to a period of instability in the ancient Near East known as the Bronze Age Collapse. The Hittite civilization left a lasting legacy and influenced subsequent cultures and civilizations in the region.

The rediscovery of the Hittite civilization began in the late 19th century through archaeological excavations at the site of Hattusa and other Hittite cities. The decipherment of the Hittite language by scholars in the early 20th century further expanded our understanding of their history and culture.

The Hittites, as an ancient civilization, made several significant contributions and achievements that had a lasting impact on the ancient Near East. Here are some of the famous firsts and greatest accomplishments associated with the Hittites:

Early Indo-European Language: The Hittites were among the earliest speakers of the Indo-European language family. Their language, Hittite, is one of the oldest attested Indo-European languages and provided valuable linguistic and historical insights.

Iron Metallurgy: The Hittites were skilled in iron metallurgy and played a crucial role in the spread of ironworking technology in the ancient Near East. They produced and utilized iron tools and weapons, which gave them a significant advantage over their adversaries.

Chariot Warfare: The Hittites are known for their mastery of chariot warfare. They developed advanced tactics and techniques for using chariots in battle, including the effective use of archery from chariots. Their military success relied heavily on their chariotry.

Treaty System: The Hittites were pioneers in establishing diplomatic relations and negotiating treaties with other powers. They developed a complex system of international diplomacy, forging treaties and alliances with neighboring kingdoms and empires. The Treaty of Kadesh with Egypt is one of the earliest known surviving peace treaties.

Law and Legal Code: The Hittites had a sophisticated legal system and are credited with one of the earliest known written legal codes, known as the “Hittite Laws” or “Laws of Hattusa.” These laws covered various aspects of society, including property rights, contracts, criminal offenses, and family law.

Urban Planning and Architecture: The Hittites were skilled builders and architects. They developed well-planned cities with organized street layouts, fortified walls, and monumental structures. Their architecture incorporated impressive stone reliefs and monumental gates.

Literary and Religious Texts: The Hittites left behind a substantial corpus of written texts that provide valuable insights into their religious beliefs, mythology, rituals, and administrative records. These texts include religious hymns, myths, prayers, and historical accounts.

Sphinx Gate: The Hittites are credited with the construction of the Sphinx Gate, a monumental entrance to the city of Hattusa. The gate featured impressive stone sphinxes and served as a symbolic and ceremonial entrance to the capital.

Art and Craftsmanship: The Hittites were skilled craftsmen and produced intricate metalwork, pottery, and jewelry. They excelled in the art of bronze and silver craftsmanship, creating elaborate ornaments and decorative objects.

Urban Water Management: The Hittites developed advanced systems for water management within their cities, including the construction of underground water channels and reservoirs. These systems ensured a reliable water supply for their urban centers.

The historical places associated with the Hittites are primarily located in modern-day Turkey, particularly in the central and eastern regions of the country. These sites provide insights into the Hittite civilization and its architectural, religious, and cultural achievements. Here are some of the notable historical places associated with the Hittites:

Hattusa: Hattusa, located near the modern-day town of Bogazkale, was the capital city of the Hittite Empire. It is the most significant archaeological site related to the Hittites and has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The site includes impressive ruins such as the Great Temple, the Lion Gate, the King’s Gate, and the Royal Palace.

Yazilikaya: Located near Hattusa, Yazilikaya is an open-air sanctuary consisting of rock-cut reliefs and sculptures. It was a sacred site of the Hittites and served as a religious center. The reliefs depict Hittite deities and scenes from their mythology.

Alacahoyuk: Alacahoyuk is an important archaeological site that was a major Hittite city. It contains remains of Hittite temples, fortifications, and tombs. Notably, the site is known for its sphinx gate and impressive bronze artifacts discovered in the royal tombs.

Sapinuwa: Sapinuwa is an ancient Hittite city located near the town of Ortakoy. It was an important religious and administrative center of the Hittite Empire. Excavations have revealed temples, palaces, and cuneiform tablets that provide valuable historical information.

Karatepe-Aslantas: Karatepe-Aslantas is a Hittite archaeological site located in the southern part of Turkey. It includes a Hittite fortress with well-preserved stone reliefs and inscriptions. The reliefs depict Hittite warriors, gods, and mythological scenes.

Kultepe: Kultepe, also known as Kanesh or Nesa, was an important Hittite trading colony located near the city of Kayseri. It was a hub for trade with other ancient civilizations and provides insights into the economic activities of the Hittites.

Kusakli: Kusakli is an ancient Hittite site that includes rock-cut tombs and reliefs. The reliefs depict scenes from Hittite mythology, rituals, and daily life.

Alisar: Alisar is an ancient Hittite city that features a monumental rock relief known as the Alisar Monument. The relief depicts a Hittite king and several deities.

While the Hittite Empire was a collective entity rather than being centered around individual figures, there are a few prominent figures in Hittite history who made significant contributions to the empire’s development and achievements. Here are some of the most notable individuals in Hittite history:

Hattusili I: Hattusili I was one of the earliest known kings of the Hittites and the founder of the Hittite Old Kingdom. He established the Hittite capital at Hattusa and expanded the kingdom’s territory through military campaigns.

Suppiluliuma I: Suppiluliuma I was one of the greatest Hittite kings and military leaders. He reigned during the height of the Hittite Empire and is known for his successful military campaigns, including the conquest of several major cities in Anatolia and northern Syria.

Mursili II: Mursili II was a prominent Hittite king and military strategist. He is best known for his conquest of the powerful city of Babylon, making the Hittites one of the dominant powers in the region during his reign.

Tudhaliya IV: Tudhaliya IV was a Hittite king who reigned during a period of political turmoil. He successfully defended the Hittite Empire against external threats and played a significant role in stabilizing the kingdom.

Hattusili III: Hattusili III was a Hittite king known for his diplomatic skills and for restoring stability to the empire after a period of internal conflicts. He forged alliances and signed treaties with various neighboring powers, including the famous Treaty of Kadesh with Egypt.

Muwatalli II: Muwatalli II was a Hittite king who faced the military might of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II in the Battle of Kadesh. Although the battle ended in a stalemate, Muwatalli II’s reign is significant for his interactions with Egypt and the diplomatic efforts to maintain peace.

Puduhepa: Puduhepa was a Hittite queen and the wife of Hattusili III. She played an influential role in Hittite politics and diplomacy, corresponding with other rulers and acting as a mediator in conflicts. Puduhepa’s letters and inscriptions provide valuable insights into Hittite society and administration.

Here are some general suggestions for exploring the Hittite history and culture:

1. 1. Visit Hattusa: Explore the ruins of Hattusa, the capital city of the Hittite Empire. Walk through the ancient streets, admire the monumental gates, and visit the impressive temples and palaces.
   2. Discover Yazilikaya: Explore the rock-cut sanctuary of Yazilikaya, known for its intricate reliefs depicting Hittite deities and mythology.
   3. Study Hittite Artifacts: Visit museums with collections of Hittite artifacts, such as the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, to see Hittite sculptures, pottery, jewelry, and other historical objects.
   4. Visit Alacahoyuk: Explore the archaeological site of Alacahoyuk, known for its Hittite remains and impressive artifacts, including the sphinx gate and bronze objects.
   5. Visit Hittite Sites in Anatolia: Explore other Hittite sites scattered across Anatolia, such as Karatepe-Aslantas, Kusakli, and Alisar, to witness the remnants of the Hittite civilization.

As the Hittite Empire existed thousands of years ago, the physical remains of Hittite sites are limited. However, there are a few key places you can visit to explore and learn about the Hittite civilization. Here are some of the best places to visit in relation to the Hittites:

Hattusa: The ancient capital of the Hittite Empire, located near present-day Bogazkale in Turkey. Explore the ruins of this UNESCO World Heritage site, including the Great Temple, the Lion Gate, the Royal Palace, and the impressive city walls.

Yazilikaya: Located near Hattusa, Yazilikaya is a rock-cut sanctuary known for its impressive reliefs depicting Hittite deities and mythological figures. It is a sacred site that provides insights into Hittite religious practices.

Alacahoyuk: This archaeological site in central Anatolia contains Hittite remains, including the impressive Sphinx Gate. Explore the excavated structures and see the artifacts on display in the nearby museum.

Kayalipinar: Located near Alacahoyuk, Kayalipinar is an open-air sanctuary with rock reliefs depicting Hittite gods and goddesses. It offers a glimpse into Hittite religious beliefs and rituals.

Karatepe-Aslantas: Situated in southern Turkey, this Hittite archaeological site features a fortress and rock reliefs depicting scenes from Hittite mythology. It is an important site for understanding Hittite history and culture.

Museum of Anatolian Civilizations: Located in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, this museum houses an extensive collection of Hittite artifacts, including sculptures, reliefs, pottery, and jewelry. It offers a comprehensive overview of Anatolian civilizations, including the Hittites.

Corum Museum: Situated in the city of Corum, this museum showcases Hittite artifacts from the region, including valuable inscriptions and sculptures. It provides a deeper understanding of the local Hittite history.

Kusakli: Located near the town of Kizilkaya in central Turkey, Kusakli is an ancient Hittite site known for its rock-cut monuments and underground chamber tombs. It offers a glimpse into Hittite burial customs.

Alisar: Situated near the town of Yesilova in central Anatolia, Alisar is an ancient Hittite settlement featuring the ruins of a large palace complex. Excavations have revealed valuable Hittite artifacts and inscriptions.

Here are a few options to consider:

1. Customized Private Tours: Contact local tour operators or travel agencies specializing in cultural and historical tours in Turkey. They can tailor an itinerary to include Hittite sites such as Hattusa, Yazilikaya, Alacahoyuk, and Karatepe-Aslantas.
2. Group Tours: Look for group tours that cover ancient civilizations and historical sites in Turkey. Some itineraries may include Hittite sites alongside other significant destinations like Ephesus, Troy, and Cappadocia.
3. Guided Archaeological Tours: Join guided archaeological tours that explore the ancient civilizations of Anatolia, including the Hittites. These tours often have expert guides who provide in-depth insights into the history and significance of the Hittite civilization.
4. Cultural Heritage Tours: Consider joining cultural heritage tours that focus on exploring the rich historical and cultural heritage of Turkey. These tours may include visits to Hittite sites as part of a broader itinerary covering various ancient civilizations.
5. Self-Guided Tours: If you prefer more flexibility, you can plan your own self-guided tour of Hittite sites in Turkey. Research the locations, arrange transportation, and explore the sites at your own pace using guidebooks, online resources, and maps.