Cilicia: The Rebel City

Located in the southeastern part of Turkey, on the Taurus Mountains; Cilicia is known as the city of rebels. Rebelling should be so much easier when you are surrounded by protective mountains, right? Like the Alamut Castle of Hassan-i Sabbah.

Cilicia is a cradle for many civilizations throughout its history from Romans, and Greeks to Armenians, Arabs, and Turks. So, it is no surprise it displays the traces of the cultures and histories of all these civilizations.

Visit Cilicia to learn about the cultural legacy of the city, the fresh mountain air will be a bonus.

Getting to Cilicia, which encompasses the modern Turkish provinces of Mersin, Adana, and Hatay, can be achieved by various means of transportation depending on your starting point. Here are some general guidelines on how to reach the region:

By Air: The most convenient way to reach Cilicia is by flying into one of the major airports in the region. Adana Sakirpaşa Airport (ADA) and Hatay Airport (HTY) are the main airports serving the area. These airports have domestic and international flight connections, making them accessible from major cities in Turkey and some international destinations.

By Train: If you prefer a scenic journey, you can travel to Cilicia by train. The Turkish State Railways (TCDD) operates train services to Adana, which is a major city in the region. You can take a train from Istanbul, Ankara, or other cities in Turkey and arrive at Adana Train Station. From there, you can use local transportation to reach specific destinations within Cilicia.

By Bus: Turkey has an extensive intercity bus network, and Cilicia is well-connected to other parts of the country through bus services. Several bus companies operate routes to cities like Adana, Mersin, and Hatay. You can find bus terminals (otogar) in major cities and towns, and buses generally offer comfortable and reliable transportation options.

By Car: If you prefer the flexibility of driving, you can reach Cilicia by car. The region is accessible via well-maintained highways and roads. Major highways like the E5 and O-21 connect Cilicia to other parts of Turkey. You can rent a car from major cities or airports and enjoy a scenic road trip to the region.

By Sea: If you are traveling from Cyprus, there are ferry services available from the port of Girne (Kyrenia) to the port of Tasucu in Mersin province. This option provides a unique opportunity to reach Cilicia by sea and enjoy the coastal scenery.

When packing for a trip to Cilicia, it’s essential to consider the region’s climate, activities, and cultural norms. Here’s a general packing list to help you prepare for your visit:

Clothing:

Lightweight and breathable clothing: Cilicia experiences hot summers, so pack lightweight and loose-fitting clothes to stay comfortable. T-shirts, shorts, skirts, and dresses made of breathable fabrics like cotton or linen are ideal.

Sun protection: Don’t forget to pack a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen to protect yourself from the strong Mediterranean sun.

Swimwear: If you plan to enjoy the region’s beautiful beaches or hotel pools, pack your swimsuit.

Layers for cooler weather: During winter months, especially in mountainous areas, temperatures can drop. Pack a few layers, including sweaters, jackets, and long pants, to stay warm.

Footwear:

Comfortable walking shoes: Cilicia offers various outdoor activities and historical sites to explore, so pack comfortable walking shoes or sneakers.

Sandals: Bring a pair of sandals or flip-flops for the beach or to wear in hot weather.

Accessories:

Daypack or backpack: It’s useful to have a small backpack for day trips and carrying essentials.

Travel towel: A lightweight and quick-drying travel towel can come in handy, especially for beach visits.

Umbrella or raincoat: If you’re visiting during the rainy season, it’s wise to pack a compact umbrella or a waterproof raincoat.

Miscellaneous:

Travel adapter: Turkey uses Type F electrical outlets, so consider bringing a universal travel adapter to charge your electronic devices.

Medications and personal hygiene products: Pack any necessary prescription medications and personal hygiene items you may need during your trip.

Travel documents: Don’t forget to bring your passport, travel insurance, and any other necessary travel documents.

Cilicia offers a range of accommodation options, including hotels, resorts, guesthouses, and rental properties. The specific location you choose to stay in depends on your preferences, the activities you plan to engage in, and the cities or attractions you wish to explore. Here are some popular areas to consider for accommodation in Cilicia:

Mersin: As the largest city in the region, Mersin offers a wide selection of hotels, ranging from budget to luxury options. It serves as a convenient base for exploring nearby attractions such as the Taurus Mountains, the ancient city of Soli-Pompeipolis, and picturesque coastal towns.

Adana: Known for its vibrant atmosphere, Adana is another major city in Cilicia that provides numerous accommodation choices. You can find hotels for different budgets, including international chains and boutique hotels. Adana is home to historical sites like the Grand Mosque and the Stone Bridge, as well as bustling markets and delicious local cuisine.

Hatay: Located near the Syrian border, Hatay is a culturally rich city known for its ancient history and diverse heritage. It offers a range of hotels and guesthouses for visitors. Hatay is an excellent choice if you’re interested in exploring archaeological sites like the ancient city of Antioch or experiencing the unique blend of Turkish, Arabic, and Armenian cultures.

Coastal Towns: Cilicia’s coastline is dotted with charming towns that offer beautiful beaches and a laid-back atmosphere. Towns like Silifke, Anamur, and Karataş provide options for beachfront resorts, boutique hotels, and guesthouses. These locations are ideal if you’re looking for a beach getaway or want to explore the coastal attractions and ancient ruins in the vicinity.

Cilicia, located in southern Turkey along the Mediterranean coast, experiences a Mediterranean climate. The region generally enjoys mild winters and hot, dry summers. Here are some characteristics of the climate in Cilicia:

Summers (June to September): Summers in Cilicia are hot and dry. Average temperatures range from 28°C to 35°C (82°F to 95°F), with some inland areas experiencing even higher temperatures. It is common for the region to receive very little rainfall during this season. The coastal areas benefit from the refreshing sea breezes, which provide some relief from the heat.

Spring (March to May) and Autumn (October to November): Spring and autumn in Cilicia are transition seasons characterized by milder temperatures. During these months, temperatures range from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), making it a pleasant time to visit the region. These seasons also witness more rainfall compared to summer, with occasional showers and lush greenery.

Winter (December to February): Winters in Cilicia are mild and relatively wet. Average temperatures range from 10°C to 16°C (50°F to 61°F) during the day, and temperatures can drop further at night. While snow is rare in coastal areas, the Taurus Mountains can experience snowfall, offering opportunities for winter activities in higher elevations.

Rainfall: Cilicia receives most of its rainfall between November and March, with the wettest months being December and January. The region’s annual precipitation varies, with coastal areas receiving around 500-700 mm (20-28 inches) of rainfall, while the inland areas and mountainous regions may receive slightly more.

The best time to visit Cilicia depends on your preferences and the specific activities you plan to engage in. However, generally, the spring (April to May) and autumn (September to October) months are considered the best times to visit Cilicia due to milder temperatures and pleasant weather. Here are some factors to consider when deciding the best time for your visit:

Weather: Spring and autumn offer comfortable temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), making outdoor activities more enjoyable. These seasons also witness less rainfall compared to winter, allowing for clearer skies and better exploration opportunities.

Beaches and Coastal Activities: If you’re interested in beach activities and swimming in the Mediterranean Sea, the summer months (June to August) offer hot temperatures that are suitable for sunbathing and enjoying the coastal areas. However, keep in mind that summers can be crowded, especially in popular beach towns.

Hiking and Outdoor Activities: The spring and autumn months are ideal for hiking and other outdoor activities in Cilicia. The milder temperatures during these seasons make it more comfortable for exploring the Taurus Mountains, visiting natural attractions, and engaging in adventure sports.

Cultural Festivals: Cilicia hosts various cultural festivals throughout the year, providing unique experiences for visitors. The Adana International Film Festival in September, Hatay International Cuisine Festival in April, and Mersin International Music Festival in June are some of the events worth considering when planning your visit.

Off-Season Travel: If you prefer to avoid crowds and enjoy more affordable rates, consider visiting Cilicia during the shoulder seasons. The months of April, May, September, and October offer pleasant weather and fewer tourists, allowing you to have a more relaxed and immersive experience.

The history of Cilicia is rich and encompasses a wide range of civilizations and empires that have left their mark on the region. Here is an overview of the major historical periods and events in the history of Cilicia:

Ancient Period:

Early Civilizations: Cilicia has been inhabited since ancient times, with evidence of human presence dating back to the Paleolithic era. It was home to various early civilizations, including the Hittites, Assyrians, and Phoenicians.

Persian and Greek Influence: In the 6th century BCE, Cilicia came under the control of the Persian Empire. It later fell under the influence of the Greek civilization, particularly during the conquests of Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic period that followed.

Roman and Byzantine Era:

Roman Province: In 102 BCE, Cilicia became a Roman province, and the region witnessed significant development and urbanization under Roman rule. Cities such as Tarsus, Anazarbus, and Corycus flourished during this period.

Byzantine Rule: With the division of the Roman Empire, Cilicia came under the control of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The region remained a Byzantine stronghold until the Arab-Muslim conquests in the 7th century.

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia:

Establishment of the Kingdom: Following the collapse of Byzantine rule, Armenian nobles established the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in the 11th century. The kingdom reached its peak under the reign of King Levon II (Leo II) in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Cultural and Economic Flourishing: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia experienced a period of cultural and economic prosperity. It became a center of Armenian literature, art, and architecture. Trade flourished, and the kingdom maintained diplomatic ties with other regional powers.

Seljuk and Ottoman Periods:

Seljuk Rule: In the late 12th century, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia faced pressure from the Seljuk Turks, who gradually gained control over the region. The kingdom officially fell to the Seljuks in 1375.

Ottoman Conquest: Cilicia came under Ottoman rule in the late 15th century. The region remained part of the Ottoman Empire until the empire’s dissolution at the end of World War I.

Modern Era:

French Mandate: After World War I, Cilicia, along with other parts of modern-day Turkey, came under French control as part of the League of Nations’ mandate system. However, French rule ended in 1922 with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

Present Day: Today, Cilicia encompasses the modern Turkish provinces of Mersin, Adana, and Hatay. The region is known for its cultural heritage, historical sites, and natural beauty, attracting tourists from around the world.

Cilicia, located in modern-day Turkey, has a rich history with several notable “firsts” and achievements. Here are some famous firsts and greatest achievements associated with Cilicia:

Saint Paul’s Birthplace: One of the most famous firsts associated with Cilicia is that it is believed to be the birthplace of the apostle Saint Paul (also known as Paul the Apostle or Paul of Tarsus). Saint Paul played a significant role in the early spread of Christianity and wrote several epistles included in the New Testament of the Bible.

Kingdom of Cilicia: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, established in the 11th century, was an important political and cultural entity in the region. It was known for its unique blend of Armenian and Byzantine cultures and its contributions to literature, art, and architecture. The kingdom reached its zenith under the reign of King Levon II (Leo II), who implemented significant reforms and led the kingdom to prosperity.

Oldest Known Peace Treaty: Cilicia is home to the world’s oldest known peace treaty, known as the Treaty of Kadesh. This treaty was signed between the Hittite Empire, led by King Hattusili III, and the Egyptian Empire, led by Pharaoh Ramesses II, in 1259 BCE. The treaty ended the conflict between the two powers and established peace and diplomatic relations.

Soli-Pompeipolis: The ancient city of Soli-Pompeipolis, located near modern-day Mersin, was an important center in Cilicia. It was founded by Pompey the Great, a prominent Roman general, in 64 BCE. Soli-Pompeipolis boasted impressive Roman ruins, including a theater, baths, and a stadium.

Hatay Archaeological Museum: The Hatay Archaeological Museum, located in the city of Antakya (ancient Antioch), is renowned for its extensive collection of artifacts from the region’s rich history. The museum showcases archaeological finds from various civilizations, including the Hittite, Persian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine periods.

Tarsus: The ancient city of Tarsus, located in modern-day Mersin, is considered one of the oldest settlements in Cilicia. It was an important cultural and commercial center, known as the birthplace of the philosopher and statesman Cicero. Tarsus also played a significant role in early Christianity as the hometown of Saint Paul.

Adana Cuisine: Adana, the largest city in Cilicia, is renowned for its delicious cuisine. Adana kebab, a well-known Turkish dish made of spicy minced meat, is named after the city. The region’s cuisine is also known for its use of local ingredients, such as pomegranates, pistachios, and bulgur.

Cilicia, located in modern-day Turkey, is home to numerous historical sites that showcase its rich cultural heritage. Here are some notable historical places to visit in Cilicia:

Tarsus: The ancient city of Tarsus is renowned for its historical significance. It is considered one of the oldest settlements in Cilicia and has a history dating back thousands of years. Some notable attractions in Tarsus include the Cleopatra Gate, St. Paul’s Well, and the Roman-era Tarsus Museum.

Anazarbus: Anazarbus was an important city in ancient Cilicia. It features well-preserved ruins, including the impressive city walls, the ruins of a Roman theater, and the Temple of Augustus. The site provides a glimpse into the urban layout and architectural grandeur of the ancient city.

Mamure Castle: Located near Anamur on the Mediterranean coast, Mamure Castle is a medieval fortress dating back to the 12th century. The castle overlooks the sea and offers stunning panoramic views. Visitors can explore its well-preserved towers, walls, courtyards, and underground passages.

Misis (Mopsuestia): Misis, also known as Mopsuestia, was an important ancient city along the Cilician Gates pass through the Taurus Mountains. It features ancient ruins, including a Roman bridge, a theater, and the remains of St. Paul’s Church, which was once a significant early Christian site.

Corycus (Kiz Kalesi): Located near the town of Kizkalesi, Corycus is an ancient city with a history dating back to the Hellenistic period. Its most notable feature is the medieval castle, known as Kızkalesi or Maiden’s Castle, situated on a small island just off the coast.

Antioch (Antakya): Antioch, historically known as Antiochia ad Orontem, was a major city in the region and served as the capital of the Seleucid Empire. Today, the city of Antakya offers a wealth of historical attractions, including the Hatay Archaeological Museum, the Church of St. Peter, and the ancient Roman Mosaic Museum.

Soli-Pompeipolis: Soli-Pompeipolis, located near the town of Mezitli, was an ancient city founded by Pompey the Great. The site features impressive Roman ruins, including a well-preserved theater, an aqueduct, baths, and a stadium.

Vespasianus Titus Tunnel: This ancient tunnel, located near the town of Ermenek, is an engineering marvel constructed during the Roman period. It was built to provide water for the city of Seleucia, showcasing the advanced architectural techniques of the time.

Cilicia, throughout its history, has been home to many notable individuals who have left a lasting impact on the region and beyond. Here are a few of the most famous people associated with the history of Cilicia:

Saint Paul (Paul the Apostle): Saint Paul, also known as Paul the Apostle or Paul of Tarsus, is one of the most influential figures in Christianity. He was born in Tarsus, Cilicia, and played a pivotal role in spreading the teachings of Jesus Christ. Saint Paul’s epistles (letters) make up a significant portion of the New Testament of the Bible.

Levon II (Leo II): Levon II was a prominent king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. He ruled from 1187 to 1219 and led the kingdom during a period of great prosperity and cultural advancement. Levon II implemented important reforms, established diplomatic relations with other regional powers, and left a lasting legacy in Cilician Armenian history.

Cicero: Marcus Tullius Cicero, commonly known as Cicero, was a Roman philosopher, orator, and statesman born in Arpinum, near Tarsus. Cicero is renowned for his philosophical and political writings, which had a significant impact on Western thought. His works include influential treatises on rhetoric, political theory, and ethics.

Flavius Arrianus (Arrian): Arrian was a Greek historian and philosopher born in the city of Nicomedia, located in the region of Bithynia-Cilicia. He served as a prominent military commander and later became a renowned historian. Arrian’s most famous works include the “Anabasis of Alexander” and the “Indica,” which provide valuable accounts of the campaigns of Alexander the Great and his successors.

Plutarch: Plutarch was a Greek biographer and philosopher born in Chaeronea, Boeotia, Greece. While not directly associated with Cilicia, Plutarch’s writings have had a profound influence on historical understanding. His famous work, “Parallel Lives,” includes biographies of many notable figures from the ancient world, such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Mark Antony.

Hittite Kings: The Hittite Empire, which extended its influence into Cilicia, was ruled by a line of powerful kings. Notable Hittite kings include Suppiluliuma I, who expanded Hittite territory and established diplomatic relationships with other kingdoms, and Tudhaliya IV, who oversaw the empire during a period of cultural and political growth.

Here are 15 of the best things to do in Cilicia:

1. 1. Explore the Ancient City of Tarsus: Visit the ancient city of Tarsus, the birthplace of Saint Paul, and explore its historical sites, including the Cleopatra Gate, St. Paul’s Well, and the Tarsus Museum.
   2. Visit the Hatay Archaeological Museum: Located in Antakya, the Hatay Archaeological Museum showcases a vast collection of artifacts from the region’s rich history, including Roman and Byzantine artifacts.
   3. Discover Mamure Castle: Explore the medieval Mamure Castle near Anamur, which offers stunning views of the Mediterranean Sea and features well-preserved towers, walls, and courtyards.
   4. Relax on Cilicia’s Beaches: Enjoy the beautiful sandy beaches along the Mediterranean coast, such as Kizkalesi Beach, Adana Sahil Park, and Cleopatra Beach in Alanya.
   5. Explore Anazarbus: Discover the ruins of Anazarbus, an ancient city with well-preserved structures, including a Roman theater and the Temple of Augustus.
   6. Take a Boat Trip to Kizkalesi: Visit Kizkalesi (Maiden’s Castle), a picturesque castle situated on a small island off the coast. Take a boat trip to explore the castle and enjoy the surrounding views.
   7. Discover the Ancient City of Mopsuestia: Explore the ruins of Mopsuestia, known as Misis, and discover its ancient bridges, Roman theater, and the remains of St. Paul’s Church.
   8. Trek in the Taurus Mountains: Embark on a hiking or trekking adventure in the scenic Taurus Mountains, enjoying the breathtaking landscapes, mountain trails, and fresh air.
   9. Visit the Church of St. Peter: In Antakya, visit the Church of St. Peter, believed to be one of the earliest Christian places of worship. Admire its historical significance and ancient architecture.
   10. Taste Adana Cuisine: Indulge in the delicious flavors of Adana cuisine, particularly the famous Adana kebab, made from spicy minced meat. Explore local restaurants and markets to savor the regional specialties.
   11. Explore the Roman Ruins of Soli-Pompeipolis: Visit the ancient city of Soli-Pompeipolis and explore its well-preserved ruins, including a theater, aqueduct, baths, and stadium.
   12. Discover the Hittite Rock Sanctuary of Yazilikaya: Visit the ancient Hittite rock sanctuary of Yazilikaya, near Bogazkale, and marvel at the intricate rock-cut reliefs depicting Hittite deities.
   13. Take a Boat Trip on the Goksu River: Enjoy a scenic boat trip along the Goksu River, which winds through beautiful landscapes and offers opportunities for birdwatching and relaxation.
   14. Visit the Caves of Heaven and Hell: Explore the Caves of Heaven and Hell (Cennet ve Cehennem), located near Silifke, which are natural formations with intriguing legends associated with them. 
   15. Visit the Karatepe-Aslantas Open-Air Museum: Explore the Karatepe-Aslantas Open-Air Museum, located near the town of Osmaniye. This archaeological site showcases the ruins of an ancient Hittite settlement and features impressive reliefs, including the famous Lion Gate and Sphinx Gate.

Cilicia, located in modern-day Turkey, is a region rich in historical and natural attractions. Here are some of the best places to visit in Cilicia:

Tarsus: Explore the ancient city of Tarsus, known as the birthplace of Saint Paul. Visit historical sites like the Cleopatra Gate, St. Paul’s Well, and the Tarsus Museum.

Hatay Archaeological Museum: Discover the extensive collection of archaeological artifacts from Cilicia and the surrounding region at the Hatay Archaeological Museum in Antakya.

Mamure Castle: Visit the impressive medieval Mamure Castle, situated on the Mediterranean coast near Anamur. Explore its well-preserved walls, towers, and courtyards.

Anazarbus: Explore the ruins of Anazarbus, an ancient city known for its Roman theater and the Temple of Augustus.

Kizkalesi: Take a boat trip to Kizkalesi, also known as Maiden’s Castle, an enchanting castle situated on a small island off the coast.

Mopsuestia (Misis): Discover the ancient city of Mopsuestia, featuring ruins such as a Roman theater and the remains of St. Paul’s Church.

Soli-Pompeipolis: Visit the Roman ruins of Soli-Pompeipolis, including a theater, aqueduct, baths, and stadium.

Goksu Delta: Explore the Goksu Delta, a stunning natural area where the Goksu River meets the Mediterranean Sea. It is known for its diverse birdlife and picturesque landscapes.

Karatepe-Aslantas Open-Air Museum: Visit this archaeological site featuring Hittite ruins, including the Lion Gate and Sphinx Gate, providing insights into the Hittite civilization.

Caves of Heaven and Hell: Discover the intriguing Caves of Heaven and Hell (Cennet ve Cehennem), near Silifke, known for their unique geological formations and legends.

Adana: Explore the vibrant city of Adana, known for its lively atmosphere, historic mosques, and the Sabanci Central Mosque. Don’t miss trying the famous Adana kebab.

Antakya (Antioch): Visit Antakya, an ancient city with historical sites such as the Church of St. Peter and the Hatay Archaeological Museum.

Kizkalesi Beach: Relax on the beautiful sandy beaches of Kizkalesi, enjoying the clear turquoise waters and scenic views.

Cilician Gates: Drive through the Cilician Gates, a mountain pass in the Taurus Mountains, offering stunning landscapes and historical significance.

Karaisali: Explore the picturesque town of Karaisali, known for its natural beauty and proximity to the Taurus Mountains. Visit the traditional houses and enjoy hiking opportunities.

There are various tours available in Cilicia that offer unique experiences and opportunities to explore the region’s history, culture, and natural beauty. Here are some of the best Cilicia tours to consider:

Historical and Cultural Tour: This tour takes you to the ancient cities of Tarsus, Anazarbus, Misis, and Soli-Pompeipolis, where you can explore the well-preserved ruins, learn about their historical significance, and immerse yourself in the rich cultural heritage of Cilicia.

Coastal Tour: Embark on a coastal tour along the Mediterranean Sea, visiting Kizkalesi, Mamure Castle, and other picturesque coastal towns. Enjoy stunning views, relax on the beaches, and explore the region’s maritime history.

Hiking and Nature Tour: Explore the Taurus Mountains and the natural landscapes of Cilicia on a hiking tour. Trek through scenic trails, visit hidden waterfalls and experience the breathtaking beauty of the region’s mountains and forests.

Religious and Spiritual Tour: Follow in the footsteps of Saint Paul on a religious and spiritual tour of Cilicia. Visit significant religious sites, such as the Church of St. Paul in Tarsus and the Church of St. Peter in Antakya.

Customized Private Tour: If you prefer a personalized experience, consider booking a customized private tour. Work with a tour operator to tailor the itinerary according to your interests, allowing you to explore Cilicia at your own pace.