Lycia: Ancient History in the Mediterranean

Lycia is an ancient region standing in the southern part of Turkey, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded by the glorious Taurus Mountains. Seems like the region claimed a great place for settlement.

Lycia has been the home of many ancient cities throughout its history from Myra and Patara to Simena and Xanthos. The region has a great memory, many stories to tell, and numerous ruins and remains to celebrate the past glorious days.

If you are interested in discovering the ancient history of Anatolia, you must definitely visit the ancient Lycian region.

To get to Lycia, you can follow these general guidelines:

By Air: The nearest major airport to Lycia is Antalya Airport (AYT). It is well-connected to domestic and international destinations. From the airport, you can rent a car or take a taxi to reach your desired destination in Lycia.

By Road: Lycia is easily accessible by road. If you are already in Turkey, you can drive to Lycia using the well-maintained highways. The region is well-connected to major cities such as Antalya and Fethiye. Consider renting a car for flexibility and convenience during your trip.

Public Transportation: Lycia has a reliable public transportation network, including buses and dolmus (shared taxis). You can take a bus from major cities like Antalya or Fethiye to reach Lycian towns such as Kas, Kalkan, or Olympos. Dolmus services also operate within the region, making it easy to travel between towns.

Boat Excursions: Another way to explore Lycia is through boat excursions along the coastline. These tours often depart from nearby towns like Fethiye or Kas and allow you to visit various Lycian sites accessible only by boat. This option provides a unique perspective of the region’s coastline and allows you to experience the beauty of Lycia from the sea.

When packing for a trip to Lycia, it’s important to consider the activities you plan to engage in and the time of year you’ll be visiting. Here is a general packing list for Lycia:

Clothing: Pack lightweight and breathable clothing, especially during the summer months. Include items such as t-shirts, shorts, dresses, skirts, and lightweight pants. If you’re visiting during the cooler months, bring a few warmer layers like sweaters or jackets. Don’t forget swimwear if you plan to visit the beaches.

Comfortable Shoes: Lycia offers various outdoor activities and historical sites that may involve walking or hiking. Pack comfortable shoes suitable for walking on uneven terrain or trails. Sandals or flip-flops are also handy for beach visits.

Sun Protection: Lycia has a Mediterranean climate with plenty of sunshine. Pack sunscreen with a high SPF, sunglasses, a hat, and a lightweight scarf or sarong to protect yourself from the sun.

Beach Essentials: If you plan to spend time at the beaches, bring a beach towel, beach bag, and a beach umbrella or sunshade. Snorkeling gear, beach toys, and a portable cooler for drinks and snacks can also come in handy.

Daypack or Backpack: A small daypack or backpack is useful for carrying your essentials during day trips, hikes, or visits to historical sites. It should be large enough to hold your water bottle, camera, sunscreen, snacks, and any other personal items.

Travel Documents: Don’t forget to pack your passport, identification documents, travel insurance, and any necessary visas. It’s also advisable to keep digital copies of these documents in case of loss or theft.

Electronics: If you plan to use electronic devices during your trip, bring chargers, adapters, and power banks to ensure you stay connected.

Medications and First Aid Kit: If you take any prescription medications, ensure you have an adequate supply for the duration of your trip. It’s also a good idea to pack a basic first-aid kit with essentials such as band-aids, pain relievers, antiseptic wipes, and any necessary personal medications.

Local Currency: It’s advisable to have some Turkish Lira (TRY) in cash for smaller purchases, as not all places may accept credit cards. You can exchange currency at the airport or withdraw cash from ATMs in Lycia.

Lycia is a historical region in modern-day Turkey that encompasses several towns and cities. Each of these places offers its own unique charm and accommodation options. Here are some popular destinations within Lycia where you can find a range of places to stay:

Antalya: As a major city in the region, Antalya offers a wide range of accommodation options, from luxury resorts to budget hotels and guesthouses. You’ll find a variety of choices in different neighborhoods, including the Old Town (Kaleici) and the beachfront areas.

Fethiye: Fethiye is a coastal town known for its stunning beaches and proximity to historical sites like the ancient city of Telmessos and the Lycian Rock Tombs. Fethiye offers a range of hotels and resorts along its beautiful coastline, as well as options in the town center.

Kas: Kas is a charming coastal town with a relaxed atmosphere and beautiful views. It offers boutique hotels, guesthouses, and vacation rentals with stunning sea views. Kas is a popular base for exploring nearby attractions like the Sunken City of Kekova and the ancient city of Patara.

Kalkan: Kalkan is another picturesque coastal town known for its quaint streets, rooftop restaurants, and stunning views over the Mediterranean Sea. It offers a variety of boutique hotels, resorts, and private villas with panoramic sea views.

Olympos: Olympos is an ancient city located in a lush valley near the coast. It is known for its unique treehouse accommodation options, where visitors can stay in wooden bungalows built within the natural surroundings. Olympos is a popular destination for backpackers and nature enthusiasts.

Cirali: Cirali is a peaceful beach town located near Olympos and known for its beautiful beach and the ancient ruins of Olympos. It offers a range of small family-run hotels and guesthouses, providing a more tranquil and laid-back atmosphere.

Lycia, located in southwestern Turkey along the Mediterranean coast, has a Mediterranean climate. The region enjoys long, hot summers and mild, rainy winters. Here are some characteristics of Lycia’s climate:

Summers (June to September): Summers in Lycia are hot and dry, with temperatures ranging from 28°C to 35°C (82°F to 95°F) on average. The region receives very little rainfall during this season, and the days are generally sunny and clear.

Spring (March to May) and Autumn (October to November): Spring and autumn in Lycia are characterized by mild temperatures, ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F) on average. These seasons offer pleasant weather for outdoor activities and sightseeing. Rainfall is more common during these transitional seasons, but it is generally moderate.

Winter (December to February): Winters in Lycia are mild and relatively rainy. Temperatures range from 10°C to 15°C (50°F to 59°F) on average, making it a comfortable time to explore the region. While it can rain frequently, there are still many sunny days during the winter months.

The best time to visit Lycia depends on personal preferences and the activities you plan to engage in. However, the most favorable time to visit Lycia is during the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) seasons. Here’s why:

Spring (April to June): Spring in Lycia brings mild temperatures, blooming flowers, and vibrant green landscapes. The weather is pleasant with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), making it ideal for outdoor activities such as hiking, sightseeing, and exploring ancient ruins. The region is less crowded compared to the peak summer season, allowing for a more peaceful experience.

Autumn (September to October): Autumn in Lycia is characterized by warm temperatures, clear skies, and less humidity. Temperatures range from 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F), providing comfortable conditions for outdoor activities and enjoying the beaches. The sea water is still warm, making it suitable for swimming and water sports. The tourist crowds start to dissipate after the peak summer season, allowing for a more relaxed and tranquil experience.

Lycia is an ancient region located on the southwestern coast of Anatolia, in present-day Turkey. It has a rich and diverse history that spans several millennia. Here are some key highlights of the history of Lycia:

Ancient Civilizations: The history of Lycia dates back to the Bronze Age, with evidence of human habitation dating as far back as the 3rd millennium BCE. The region was inhabited by indigenous people known as the Lycians. Over time, Lycia came under the influence of various ancient civilizations, including the Hittites, Persians, Greeks, and Romans.

Lycian Federation: The Lycians were known for their strong sense of independence and their unique political system. They formed the Lycian Federation, a union of around 23 city-states, each with its own government and assembly. This federation allowed Lycia to maintain its autonomy and political structure while interacting with other ancient powers.

Greek and Roman Periods: Lycia came under Greek influence during the 4th century BCE when it became part of the Seleucid Empire. It later fell under Roman control in the 2nd century BCE. The Romans incorporated Lycia into their province of Asia and made significant contributions to the region’s architecture and infrastructure.

Rock-cut Tombs and Ancient Cities: Lycia is famous for its rock-cut tombs, which are carved into the sides of cliffs. These tombs were intricate and ornate, reflecting the wealth and artistic achievements of the Lycian people. Examples of such tombs can be found in cities like Myra, Xanthos, and Pinara. Lycia was also home to several ancient cities, including Patara, Olympos, and Tlos, which showcased the region’s cultural and historical significance.

Byzantine and Ottoman Periods: With the decline of the Roman Empire, Lycia came under Byzantine rule in the 4th century CE. During this period, Christianity spread throughout the region, and numerous churches and monasteries were constructed. In the 13th century, Lycia fell under the control of the Seljuk Turks and later the Ottoman Empire, marking a new phase in its history.

Today, the historical remnants of Lycia, including its ancient cities, rock-cut tombs, and archaeological sites, attract visitors from around the world. The region’s rich history and cultural heritage continue to be preserved and celebrated, making Lycia an intriguing destination for history enthusiasts and archaeology lovers.

Lycia, an ancient region in present-day Turkey, is known for its rich history and notable contributions to various fields. Here are some famous firsts and greatest achievements associated with Lycia:

Lycian League: Lycia was home to one of the earliest known federations in history, known as the Lycian League. This federation, established in the 2nd century BCE, allowed the Lycian city-states to maintain their autonomy while forming a united front against external threats. It served as a model for later federations and inspired democratic principles.

Rock-Cut Tombs: Lycia is renowned for its impressive rock-cut tombs. These elaborate burial structures were carved into the cliffs and mountainsides, showcasing the advanced architectural and artistic skills of the Lycians. The rock-cut tombs of Lycia are considered among the most remarkable examples of ancient funerary art.

Xanthos Decree: The Xanthos Decree is an ancient bilingual inscription discovered in Xanthos, an important Lycian city. It dates back to the 4th century BCE and contains a declaration of independence and a list of democratic laws. The decree is significant as one of the earliest known inscriptions in the Lycian language, providing valuable insights into Lycian governance and culture.

Lycian Alphabet: The Lycians developed their own writing system known as the Lycian alphabet. It was one of the earliest alphabets in Anatolia and was used to write the Lycian language. The Lycian alphabet had unique characters and was deciphered in the 19th century, contributing to a better understanding of Lycian culture and history.

Lycian Coins: Lycia had a rich numismatic tradition and produced its own coins. Lycian coins featured various designs, including depictions of mythological figures, animals, and symbols associated with Lycian culture. These coins played an important role in facilitating trade and commerce in the ancient Mediterranean region.

Lycian Art and Sculpture: Lycia was known for its distinctive art and sculpture. Lycian artists created intricate and detailed works, often depicting mythological scenes, deities, and everyday life. Notable examples include the Nereid Monument in Xanthos and the Harpy Tomb in Xanthos, which showcase the skill and craftsmanship of Lycian sculptors.

Ancient Theater of Myra: Myra, an ancient Lycian city, is home to a well-preserved ancient theater. This theater, built during the Roman period, is considered one of the greatest achievements of Lycian architecture. It has a seating capacity of around 11,000 spectators and features impressive architectural details.

Lycia, located in modern-day Turkey, is a region rich in historical sites and ancient ruins. Here are some of the notable historical places to visit in Lycia:

Xanthos: Xanthos was the capital city of ancient Lycia and is now an important archaeological site. It features impressive remains, including the Harpy Tomb, Nereid Monument, and the ruins of a theater, acropolis, and agora.

Letoon: Letoon was a religious sanctuary in Lycia dedicated to the goddess Leto and her children, Apollo and Artemis. It consists of a well-preserved temple, ruins of other structures, and an ancient theater.

Patara: Patara was an important Lycian city and a prominent port. It is known for its extensive ruins, including a well-preserved theater, Roman baths, a necropolis, and the monumental Gate of Hadrian.

Myra: Myra was an ancient Lycian city known for its impressive rock-cut tombs and ancient theater. The city also features the Church of St. Nicholas, which is associated with the legendary figure of Santa Claus.

Olympos: Olympos is an ancient city situated on the coast of Lycia. It is famous for its archaeological remains, including the ruins of a Roman theater, a necropolis, and the Chimera, an eternal flame from natural gas vents.

Phaselis: Phaselis was an ancient Lycian city located on a peninsula. It boasts well-preserved ruins, including a theater, aqueducts, a Roman bath complex, and an agora.

Simena: Simena is an ancient Lycian settlement located on the coast. It is known for its picturesque ruins, including a partially submerged theater and a medieval castle offering panoramic views of the surrounding area.

Arycanda: Arycanda is an ancient Lycian city situated in the Taurus Mountains. It features well-preserved ruins, such as a theater, Roman baths, a stadium, and a necropolis.

Pinara: Pinara was a prominent Lycian city known for its extensive rock-cut tombs, ancient theater, and ruins of temples, agoras, and houses.

Tlos: Tlos is an ancient Lycian site nestled in a mountainous region. It showcases a Roman theater, rock-cut tombs, a castle, and an acropolis with panoramic views.

Telmessos (Fethiye): Telmessos, modern-day Fethiye, was an important Lycian city. It features the Tomb of Amyntas, an ancient theater, and rock-cut tombs overlooking the city.

Lycia, an ancient region in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), was home to several notable figures throughout its history. Here are a few of the most famous people associated with Lycia:

Bellerophon: Bellerophon is a legendary hero in Greek mythology who is closely associated with Lycia. He is known for taming the winged horse Pegasus and for his epic battles, including the slaying of the monstrous Chimera.

Pericles: Pericles, an Athenian statesman, and general, is not originally from Lycia but played a significant role in the region’s history. He led the Athenian Empire during the Golden Age of Athens and encouraged the establishment of colonies, including one in Lycia known as Phaselis.

Harpagus: Harpagus was a Persian general who led the conquest of Lycia in the mid-6th century BCE. He was a key figure in the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire into Anatolia.

Kherei: Kherei, also known as Harpagus II, was a Lycian ruler who lived during the 4th century BCE. He was known for his efforts to maintain Lycian independence and his negotiations with various Hellenistic kingdoms.

Pericles of Rhodes: Pericles of Rhodes was a prominent Greek sculptor who lived during the Hellenistic period. He was famous for his intricate sculptures and contributed to the artistic heritage of Lycia.

Antipater of Sidon: Antipater of Sidon was a Greek poet and scholar who lived in the 2nd century BCE. He wrote several works on geography and composed an epigram praising the city of Xanthos in Lycia.

Lycia offers a wide range of activities and attractions for visitors to enjoy. Here are 15 of the best things to do in Lycia:

1. 1. Explore the ancient city of Xanthos: Visit the ruins of Xanthos, an important Lycian city known for its rich history and archaeological treasures.
   2. Discover the UNESCO-listed site of Letoon: Explore the sacred site of Letoon, an important religious center in ancient Lycia dedicated to the worship of Leto, Artemis, and Apollo.
   3. Visit the ancient city of Patara: Explore the ruins of Patara, an ancient Lycian city known for its well-preserved theater, sand dunes, and stunning beach.
   4. Take a boat trip to the Sunken City of Kekova: Discover the partially submerged ancient city of Kekova, where you can see ruins beneath crystal-clear waters.
   5. Hike the Lycian Way: Embark on a trek along the Lycian Way, a long-distance hiking trail that offers breathtaking coastal views and passes through ancient ruins.
   6. Visit the rock-cut tombs of Myra: Explore the impressive rock-cut tombs of Myra, an ancient Lycian city known for its striking necropolis.
   7. Relax on the beaches of Oludeniz: Enjoy the stunning turquoise waters and sandy beaches of Oludeniz, one of Turkey’s most famous beach destinations.
   8. Take a boat tour to Butterfly Valley: Visit Butterfly Valley, a picturesque nature reserve accessible only by boat, known for its beautiful butterflies and scenic hiking trails.
   9. Explore the ancient city of Phaselis: Wander through the ruins of Phaselis, an ancient Lycian city with well-preserved structures, a theater, and a harbor.
   10. Visit the ancient city of Arykanda: Discover the archaeological site of Arykanda, an ancient Lycian city located on a hillside with panoramic views.
   11. Experience the Saklikent Gorge: Explore the stunning Saklikent Gorge, a natural wonder where you can hike through the narrow canyon and enjoy refreshing streams.
   12. Discover the ruins of Olympos: Visit the ancient city of Olympos, known for its ruins, beautiful beach, and the nearby Chimera flames.
   13. Explore the ancient city of Kaunos: Visit the archaeological site of Kaunos, an ancient Lycian city situated on the banks of the Dalyan River.
   14. Take a boat trip to the Blue Cave: Enjoy a boat trip to the Blue Cave, a natural sea cave with mesmerizing blue waters ideal for swimming and snorkeling.
   15. Enjoy water sports in Kas: Try exciting water sports such as diving, snorkeling, and kayaking in the crystal-clear waters of Kas, a picturesque coastal town in Lycia.

Lycia is a region rich in historical sites, natural beauty, and cultural attractions. Here are some of the best places to visit in Lycia:

Xanthos: Explore the ancient city of Xanthos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most important Lycian cities with impressive ruins, including a theater and tombs.

Patara: Visit the ancient city of Patara, known for its well-preserved ruins, including a theater, Roman baths, and the famous Patara Beach, one of the longest sandy beaches in Turkey.

Myra: Discover the ancient city of Myra, renowned for its rock-cut tombs and a well-preserved Roman theater. Don’t miss the Church of St. Nicholas, the original burial place of Santa Claus.

Kaunos: Explore the archaeological site of Kaunos, where you can see ancient ruins, including a theater, agora, and fascinating rock-cut tombs. Take a boat ride on the Dalyan River to reach Kaunos.

Olympos: Visit the ancient city of Olympos, nestled among lush greenery and offering a unique blend of ancient ruins, a pebbled beach, and the fascinating natural phenomenon of the Chimera flames.

Saklikent Gorge: Experience the breathtaking beauty of Saklikent Gorge, the second-longest gorge in Europe, offering refreshing streams, towering cliffs, and the opportunity for adventure activities like river trekking.

Butterfly Valley: Take a boat trip to Butterfly Valley, a picturesque canyon famous for its rich biodiversity and numerous butterfly species. Enjoy hiking, swimming, and relaxing on the secluded beach.

Kas: Explore the charming coastal town of Kas, known for its colorful streets, cozy cafes, and vibrant markets. Enjoy diving, snorkeling, and boat trips to nearby islands and underwater caves.

Fethiye: Visit the bustling town of Fethiye, which offers a mix of historical sites like the Lycian Rock Tombs, the Fethiye Museum, and the ancient city of Telmessos, as well as beautiful beaches and a lively marina.

Demre: Discover the small town of Demre, home to the Church of St. Nicholas, a significant pilgrimage site, and the ancient ruins of Myra with its rock-cut tombs and Roman theater.

Kekova: Take a boat tour to Kekova, an area famous for its sunken city ruins. Enjoy sailing along the coast, exploring underwater ruins, and swimming in crystal-clear waters.

Dalyan: Visit Dalyan, a charming riverside town known for its natural beauty, including the impressive Dalyan Delta, Iztuzu Beach (a nesting site for sea turtles), and the ancient city of Kaunos.

Cirali: Relax in the peaceful village of Cirali, surrounded by pristine beaches, lush mountains, and the eternal flames of the Chimaera. It offers a tranquil retreat away from the crowds.

Goynuk Canyon: Explore the stunning Goynuk Canyon, a natural wonder with hiking trails, waterfalls, and turquoise pools, offering a refreshing escape into nature.

Adrasan: Enjoy the unspoiled beauty of Adrasan, a secluded bay with a long sandy beach, crystal-clear waters, and a peaceful atmosphere ideal for relaxation.

There are several tour options available to explore the best of Lycia and its surrounding areas. Here are some popular Lycia tours:

Lycian Way Trekking Tour: Embark on a multi-day trek along the Lycian Way, a famous long-distance trail that stretches for approximately 540 kilometers. This tour allows you to immerse yourself in the stunning natural landscapes and visit ancient ruins along the way.

Boat Tour to Sunken City: Take a boat tour from Kas or Kekova to explore the Sunken City ruins, which are partially submerged in the sea. Enjoy snorkeling or swimming in crystal-clear waters while observing the ancient remains.

Jeep Safari Tour: Join a jeep safari tour to discover the rugged beauty of Lycia’s countryside. Drive through scenic routes, visit traditional villages, explore hidden valleys, and enjoy panoramic views from mountain peaks.

Dalyan River Cruise: Enjoy a relaxing boat trip along the Dalyan River, passing by the famous rock-cut Lycian Tombs. Visit the ancient city of Kaunos, relax in the mud baths, and observe the protected Caretta Caretta sea turtles.

Pamukkale and Hierapolis Tour: Take a day trip to Pamukkale and Hierapolis, located near Lycia. Explore the stunning white terraces of Pamukkale, known as the “Cotton Castle,” and visit the ancient Roman city of Hierapolis with its well-preserved ruins.

Demre and Myra Tour: Visit the town of Demre and explore the ancient ruins of Myra, including its famous rock-cut tombs. Discover the Church of St. Nicholas, the original burial place of Santa Claus.

Antalya City Tour: Explore the vibrant city of Antalya, located near Lycia. Visit historical sites such as the Antalya Old Town (Kaleici), the Antalya Archaeological Museum, and the Duden Waterfalls.

Blue Cruise along the Turquoise Coast: Embark on a traditional wooden gulet cruise along the Turquoise Coast, exploring the stunning bays and secluded beaches of Lycia. Swim in crystal-clear waters, enjoy delicious meals onboard, and visit charming coastal towns.

Paragliding in Oludeniz: Experience the thrill of paragliding in Oludeniz, a popular activity in the region. Soar above the turquoise waters and enjoy breathtaking views of the coastline and mountains.

Jeep Safari to Saklikent Gorge: Join a jeep safari tour to Saklikent Gorge, where you can trek through the impressive canyon, wade through the refreshing waters, and enjoy the beautiful scenery.