Phrygia: A Glorious History Between Mountains

You must have heard the stories about King Midas, about his ears, his touch… Well, Phrygia is the place to visit if you would like to learn more.

Phrygia is the region where one of the first civilizations had settled in 8 BC. Occupying mostly the Central Anatolia region, the civilization determined their capital as the city of Gordion.

Phrygian people are well-known for their harsh rules about agriculture and their art of rock carving. While wandering around the mountainous region surrounded by the green forests you may come across some of the examples of their animal designs on rocks and rock-carved castles and worshipping places.

To soak up the great history of Anatolia, pack your bags and join the adventure.

Phrygia, being an ancient civilization, does not have a specific modern-day location that can be visited as a single destination. The historical sites associated with Phrygia are scattered throughout central and western Anatolia in modern-day Turkey. Here are some general guidelines on how to reach the major Phrygian sites:

Gordion: Gordion is located near the town of Polatli, approximately 100 kilometers southwest of Ankara. To reach Gordion, you can fly into Ankara Esenboga Airport and then take a taxi, hire a private car, or use public transportation to travel to Polatli. From Polatli, you can arrange transportation to Gordion, which is about 18 kilometers away.

Midas City: Midas City, also known as Yazilikaya, is situated near the village of Yazilikaya in Eskisehir Province. The closest major city is Eskisehir. You can fly into Eskisehir Anadolu Airport and then hire a taxi or use public transportation to reach Yazilikaya, which is approximately 90 kilometers away.

Phrygian Valley: The Phrygian Valley is a vast area encompassing various Phrygian sites, including rock-cut tombs, monuments, and ancient settlements. It is located between Afyonkarahisar and Kutahya provinces. To access the Phrygian Valley, you can fly into either Afyonkarahisar Airport or Zafer Airport in Kutahya. From there, you can hire a car or use local transportation to explore the sites within the valley.

When visiting the archaeological sites and historical areas associated with Phrygia in modern-day Turkey, it is advisable to pack accordingly to ensure a comfortable and enjoyable experience. Here are some items to consider including in your packing list:

Comfortable Walking Shoes: Since visiting archaeological sites often involves walking and exploring uneven terrain, it’s essential to have comfortable and sturdy shoes. Opt for closed-toe shoes with good grip to navigate the rocky paths.

Weather-Appropriate Clothing: Check the weather forecast for the time of your visit and pack clothing suitable for the season. Lightweight and breathable clothing is recommended for hot summers, while layers and a light jacket are suitable for cooler months. Don’t forget to bring a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen to protect yourself from the sun.

Water and Snacks: It’s important to stay hydrated during your visits to the historical sites. Carry a reusable water bottle and pack some snacks like energy bars or fruits to keep you energized throughout the day.

Insect Repellent: Some archaeological sites and natural areas in Phrygia may have insects, particularly during the warmer months. Bring insect repellent to protect yourself from mosquitoes and other bugs.

Camera and Binoculars: Capture the stunning landscapes, ancient ruins, and intricate details of Phrygian sites with a camera. Consider bringing binoculars if you’re interested in birdwatching or observing distant features.

Travel Guide or Map: To enhance your understanding and appreciation of the Phrygian sites, carry a travel guidebook or map that provides information about the history, significance, and layout of the archaeological sites you plan to visit.

Travel Essentials: Don’t forget to bring essentials such as a small backpack or daypack to carry your belongings, a travel-sized first aid kit, hand sanitizer, and any necessary prescription medications.

As Phrygia is an ancient region encompassing various archaeological sites spread across modern-day Turkey, there isn’t a specific accommodation hub within Phrygia itself. However, there are several cities and towns in close proximity to Phrygian sites where you can find suitable accommodation options. Here are some suggestions for places to stay near Phrygia’s major archaeological sites:

Ankara: If you plan to visit Gordion and other Phrygian sites near Polatli, staying in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, can be a convenient option. Ankara offers a wide range of accommodations, including hotels, guesthouses, and apartments, catering to different budgets and preferences. It also provides access to various amenities and transportation options.

Eskisehir: For those exploring Midas City (Yazilikaya) and other Phrygian sites near Eskisehir, staying in Eskisehir itself is recommended. This vibrant city offers a good selection of hotels and accommodations suitable for different budgets. It’s known for its university atmosphere, lively nightlife, and cultural attractions.

Afyonkarahisar: If you plan to visit the Phrygian Valley and its surrounding sites, staying in Afyonkarahisar can be a convenient option. Afyonkarahisar is a city known for its thermal spas and historical attractions. It offers a range of accommodations, including hotels and thermal resorts, providing a relaxing base for exploring the Phrygian sites.

Kutahya: Another option for those exploring the Phrygian Valley is to stay in Kutahya. This city is renowned for its ceramics and historical landmarks. You’ll find a variety of accommodation options in Kütahya, including hotels and guesthouses, providing a comfortable stay while exploring the nearby Phrygian sites.

The history of Phrygia dates back to ancient times and encompasses several centuries of cultural, political, and social developments. Here is an overview of the history of Phrygia:

Early Phrygia: Phrygia emerged as a distinct civilization in the 12th century BCE. The Phrygians were an Indo-European people who migrated from the Balkans into Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). They settled in the central and western parts of Anatolia and established a kingdom centered around the capital city of Gordium.

Kingdom of Midas: Phrygia reached its height of power and influence during the reign of King Midas in the 8th century BCE. King Midas is famous for his legendary “golden touch” and is one of the most well-known figures associated with Phrygia. Under his rule, Phrygia expanded its territory and became a significant player in the political landscape of Anatolia.

Phrygian Culture and Art: Phrygia was known for its distinctive art and craftsmanship. Phrygian art featured intricate metalwork, especially bronze and gold objects, as well as unique pottery and relief sculptures. The Phrygians also had rich mythology and religious practices, with the worship of the mother goddess Cybele being prominent.

Persian and Hellenistic Periods: In the 6th century BCE, Phrygia came under Persian control as part of the Achaemenid Empire. The Persian rule lasted until the conquest of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE. After Alexander’s death, Phrygia became part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.

Roman Rule: With the decline of the Seleucid Empire, Phrygia came under Roman control in the 2nd century BCE. It became part of the Roman province of Asia, and its cities flourished under Roman influence. The region experienced peace and stability during the Roman period, and Roman infrastructure and architecture left a lasting impact on Phrygia.

Byzantine Era and Decline: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Phrygia came under the control of the Byzantine Empire. However, as the Byzantine Empire faced external invasions and internal conflicts, Phrygia suffered a decline in prosperity. The region was eventually conquered by the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century CE.

Phrygia, an ancient civilization located in modern-day Turkey, is associated with several notable “firsts” and “greatest” achievements. Here are a few notable examples:

King Midas: King Midas, one of the most famous figures from Phrygia, is known for his legendary “golden touch.” According to mythology, everything he touched turned to gold. While this story is mythical, King Midas is considered a symbol of wealth and prosperity. His reign during the 8th century BCE marked a period of Phrygian power and influence.

Phrygian Art and Craftsmanship: Phrygia was renowned for its distinctive art and craftsmanship. Phrygian artisans excelled in metalwork, especially bronze and gold objects. They created intricate jewelry, statues, and other decorative items characterized by their detailed designs and craftsmanship. Phrygian art is considered one of the finest in the ancient world.

Worship of Cybele: Phrygia played a significant role in the spread and development of the cult of the mother goddess Cybele. Cybele, also known as the Great Mother, was widely venerated throughout Anatolia and later adopted by the Romans. The Phrygians had a strong devotion to Cybele, and their rituals and practices contributed to the expansion of her cult.

The Gordian Knot: Phrygia is associated with the legendary Gordian Knot. According to Greek mythology, the Gordian Knot was an intricate knot tied by King Gordius of Phrygia. An oracle declared that the one who could untie the knot would become the ruler of Asia. Alexander the Great famously “untied” the knot by cutting it with his sword, symbolizing his conquest of Asia.

Phrygian Language: The Phrygians spoke the Phrygian language, an ancient Indo-European language. Although the language is now extinct, it is significant in linguistic studies and helps trace the migration patterns and cultural connections of ancient peoples.

Phrygia, an ancient civilization located in modern-day Turkey, is home to several historical sites that offer a glimpse into its rich past. Here are some notable historical places associated with Phrygia:

Gordion: Gordion is an important archaeological site in central Anatolia, near the present-day town of Polatlı. It was the capital city of Phrygia and served as the political and cultural center of the kingdom. The most famous feature of Gordion is the Tomb of King Midas, which was discovered in the 1950s. The site also includes ruins of ancient structures, fortifications, and a museum displaying artifacts found at the site.

Midas City (Yazilikaya): Midas City, also known as Yazilikaya, is an archaeological site located near the village of Yazilikaya in Eskisehir Province. It was once a major religious and political center of Phrygia. The site contains rock-cut tombs, an open-air temple, and inscriptions depicting various deities and mythological scenes. It is believed to have been an important sanctuary dedicated to the worship of the Phrygian gods.

Phrygian Valley: The Phrygian Valley, located in the provinces of Afyonkarahisar and Kutahya, is a vast area that encompasses numerous Phrygian sites. It is characterized by its unique rock-cut tombs, monumental structures, and ancient settlements. Some notable sites within the Phrygian Valley include the rock-cut city of Ihsaniye, the ruins of Prymnessos, and the ancient city of Aizanoi, which features a well-preserved Roman theater and a Temple of Zeus.

Alacahoyuk: While not strictly within Phrygia, Alacahoyuk is an important archaeological site located in Corum Province. It was a significant Bronze Age and Hittite settlement that predates the Phrygian period. However, Alacahoyuk’s cultural and historical influence extended into the Phrygian era, showcasing the region’s ancient roots.

These are just a few examples of the historical places associated with Phrygia. Exploring these sites allows visitors to witness the remnants of ancient Phrygian civilization, its architectural achievements, religious practices, and artistic traditions.

Phrygia, an ancient civilization in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), was home to several notable individuals who left their mark on history. Here are a few of the most famous people associated with Phrygia:

King Midas: King Midas is perhaps the most famous figure from Phrygia. According to mythology, he was the king with the legendary “golden touch” that turned everything he touched into gold. While the story is mythical, King Midas is a symbol of wealth and prosperity. His reign during the 8th century BCE marked a period of Phrygian power and influence.

Gordius: Gordius was a Phrygian farmer who became king of Phrygia. He is famous for tying the intricate Gordian Knot, which was eventually “untied” by Alexander the Great. The Gordian Knot became a symbol of a complex problem or challenge that can only be solved in an unconventional way.

Cybele (Kybele): Cybele, also known as the Great Mother, was a prominent goddess in Phrygian mythology. She represented fertility, motherhood, and the natural world. The Phrygians had a strong devotion to Cybele, and her worship extended beyond Phrygia and became widespread throughout the ancient world.

Sabazios: Sabazios was a Phrygian deity associated with fertility, vegetation, and the sun. He was often depicted riding a horse and was later incorporated into the Hellenistic and Roman pantheons as a syncretic deity.

Midaeum: The Midaeum is a term referring to the descendants of King Midas. These individuals held positions of power and influence in Phrygia and neighboring regions, often ruling as kings or governors. While not a specific person, the Midaeum dynasty played a significant role in Phrygian history.

1. Explore Gordion: Visit the ancient capital of Phrygia, Gordion, and discover the Tomb of King Midas and other ruins.
2. Visit Midas City (Yazilikaya): Explore the rock-cut tombs, open-air temple, and inscriptions depicting Phrygian deities and mythological scenes.
3. Discover the Phrygian Valley: Explore the vast Phrygian Valley, home to numerous rock-cut tombs, monumental structures, and ancient settlements.
4. Marvel at the Monumental Tombs: Visit the impressive rock-cut tombs found throughout Phrygia, showcasing the unique Phrygian architectural style.
5. Visit Aizanoi: Explore the well-preserved ancient city of Aizanoi, featuring a Roman theater, the Temple of Zeus, and other impressive structures.
6. Discover Prymnessos: Explore the ruins of Prymnessos, an ancient Phrygian city known for its historical significance and scenic views.
7. Visit the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations: Located in Ankara, the museum houses a rich collection of artifacts from Phrygian and other ancient civilizations in Anatolia.
8. Witness the Phrygian Rock Monuments: Discover the rock-cut reliefs and monuments scattered throughout Phrygia, showcasing Phrygian art and symbolism.
9. Visit Alacahoyuk: Explore the Bronze Age and Hittite site of Alacahoyuk, which predates Phrygia but exhibits the region’s ancient roots.
10. Hike in the Phrygian Highlands: Enjoy hiking through the picturesque Phrygian Highlands, known for their natural beauty and breathtaking landscapes.

Here are some of the best places to visit in Phrygia:

Gordion: Visit the archaeological site of Gordion, the capital city of ancient Phrygia. Explore the ruins of the ancient city and discover the famous Tomb of King Midas.

Midas City (Yazilikaya): Explore the rock-cut tombs, ancient temples, and inscriptions at Midas City. Admire the intricate carvings and gain insights into Phrygian religious beliefs.

Aizanoi: Discover the well-preserved ancient city of Aizanoi, known for its impressive Roman theater, Temple of Zeus, and other architectural ruins.

Alacahoyuk: While not strictly within the boundaries of Phrygia, Alacahoyuk is an important archaeological site associated with ancient Anatolian civilizations. Explore the remnants of this Bronze Age and Hittite settlement.

Phrygian Valley: Visit the Phrygian Valley, an expansive region that encompasses various Phrygian archaeological sites, including rock-cut tombs, ancient settlements, and natural landscapes.

Prymnessos: Explore the ruins of Prymnessos, an ancient Phrygian city with historical significance and beautiful scenic surroundings.

Afyonkarahisar: Visit the city of Afyonkarahisar, which was historically connected to Phrygia. Explore its historic sites, such as the Afyonkarahisar Castle and the Phrygian Museum.

Phrygian Rock Monuments: Witness the unique Phrygian rock-cut reliefs and monuments scattered throughout the region. These impressive artworks showcase Phrygian art and symbolism.

Phrygian Roads: Follow the ancient Phrygian Roads that connected different cities and sites within Phrygia. These routes offer a glimpse into the region’s historical trade and communication networks.

The Phrygian Gate: Visit the Phrygian Gate, a rock-cut gateway believed to have marked the entrance to a sacred area. Admire the craftsmanship and symbolism of this ancient monument.

While specific Phrygia tours may vary based on available offerings and tour operators, here are some popular tours that provide an opportunity to explore the highlights of Phrygia:

Phrygian Valley Tour: This tour takes you through the Phrygian Valley, allowing you to visit various archaeological sites and natural landscapes. You’ll explore rock-cut tombs, and ancient settlements, and experience the scenic beauty of the region.

Gordion and Midas City Tour: This tour focuses on the ancient capital of Phrygia, Gordion, and the nearby Midas City. You’ll visit the Tomb of King Midas, explore the ruins, and learn about the history and mythology associated with Phrygia.

Aizanoi and Afyonkarahisar Tour: This tour combines a visit to the ancient city of Aizanoi with the city of Afyonkarahisar, which has historical connections to Phrygia. You’ll explore the well-preserved Roman theater, the Temple of Zeus, and other sites of interest.

Phrygian Rock Monuments Tour: This tour is dedicated to exploring the Phrygian rock-cut reliefs and monuments scattered throughout the region. You’ll visit sites such as the Phrygian Gate and other locations known for their impressive rock-cut art.

Custom/Private Tours: Many tour operators offer customizable or private tours that can be tailored to your specific interests and preferences. You can work with a tour operator to create an itinerary that suits your needs, focusing on the specific sites and aspects of Phrygia you wish to explore.